%PDF-1.2 % 1 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:20010516145328) /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 3.01 for Power Macintosh) /Author (jperry) /Title (SP0601_26-30Thomas) /Creator (QuarkXPress\(tm\) 4.11) >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 17646 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 45 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (26)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 1.382 6.5 55.134 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (SPECTROSCOPY 16\(6\) )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 4.5 0 0.957 4.5 118.349 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (JUNE 2001)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 446.266 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.13 Tc [(www)37(.spectr)12(oscop)12(y)12(online.com)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 46 539 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Par)-75(t III of Rober)-75(t Thomas\325 series on induc-)]TJ 0 -1.2222 TD [(tively coupled plasma)-81(\320mass spectr)-11(oscopy)]TJ T* [(\()-108(ICP-MS\) looks at the ar)-11(ea wher)-11(e the ions)]TJ T* [(ar)-11(e generated \321 the plasma discharge. He)]TJ T* (gives a brief historical perspective of some)Tj T* (of the common analytical plasmas used)Tj T* (over the years and discusses the compo-)Tj T* [(nents that ar)-11(e used to cr)-11(eate the ICP)162(. He)]TJ T* [(f)-54(inishes by explaining the fundamental)]TJ T* [(principles of for)-27(mation of a plasma dis-)]TJ T* [(charge and how it is used to conver)-75(t the)]TJ T* [(sample aer)-11(osol into a str)-11(eam of positively)]TJ T* (charged ions.)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 66.56 0 0 70.07 46 341 Tm 0.58 0.17 0 0.46 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (I)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 57.125 385 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(nductively coupled plasmas ar)-10(e by far)]TJ 0 -1.2222 TD (the most common type of plasma)Tj T* [(sour)-10(ces used in today\325s commer)-10(cial)]TJ T* [(ICP\320optical emission spectr)-10(ometr)-85(y)]TJ T* [(\(OES\) and ICP-MS instr)-55(umentation.)]TJ -1.3012 -1.2222 TD [(However)65(, it wasn\325t always that way)100(. In the)]TJ T* [(early days, when r)-10(esear)-10(chers wer)-10(e at-)]TJ T* [(tempting to find the ideal plasma sour)-10(ce)]TJ T* [(to use for spectr)-10(ometric studies, it was)]TJ T* [(unclear which appr)-10(oach would pr)-10(ove to)]TJ T* (be the most successful. In addition to)Tj T* (ICPs, some of the other novel plasma)Tj T* [(sour)-10(ces developed wer)-10(e dir)-10(ect cur)-50(r)-10(ent)]TJ T* [(plasmas \(DCP\) and micr)-10(owave)-60(-induced)]TJ T* [(plasmas \()-100(MIP\). A DCP is for)-25(med when a)]TJ T* [(gas \(usually argon\) is intr)-10(oduced into a)]TJ T* [(high cur)-50(r)-10(ent flowing between two or)]TJ T* [(thr)-10(ee electr)-10(odes. Ionization of the gas)]TJ T* [(pr)-10(oduces an inver)-70(ted Y-shaped plasma.)]TJ T* [(Unfor)-70(tunately)70(, early DCP instr)-55(umenta-)]TJ T* [(tion was pr)-10(one to inter)-65(fer)-10(ence ef)-70(fects and)]TJ T* [(also had some usability and r)-10(eliability)]TJ T* [(pr)-10(oblems. For these r)-10(easons, the tech-)]TJ T* (nique never became widely accepted by)Tj T* [(the analytical community \(1)-50(\). However)65(,)]TJ T* (its one major benefit was that it could as-)Tj T* (pirate high levels of dissolved or sus-)Tj T* [(pended solids, because ther)-10(e was no r)-10(e)0(-)]TJ T* (strictive sample injector for the solid)Tj T* [(material to block. This featur)-10(e alone)]TJ T* (made it attractive for some laboratories,)Tj T* (and once the initial limitations of DCPs)Tj 20.3509 26.8889 TD [(wer)-10(e better understood, the technique)]TJ 0 -1.2222 TD [(became mor)-10(e accepted. In fact, for those)]TJ T* [(who want a DCP excitation sour)-10(ce cou-)]TJ T* [(pled with an optical emission instr)-55(ument)]TJ T* [(today)70(, an Echelle)-60(-based grating using a)]TJ T* [(solid-state detector is commer)-10(cially)]TJ T* (available \(2\). )Tj 1.0526 -1.2222 TD -0.005 Tc [(Limitations in the DCP appr)-10(oach led to)]TJ -1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(the development of electr)-10(odeless plasma,)]TJ T* [(of which the MIP was the simplest for)-25(m.)]TJ T* [(In this system, micr)-10(owave energy \(typi-)]TJ T* [(cally 100)-50(\320200 W\) is supplied to the plasma)]TJ T* [(gas fr)-10(om an excitation cavity ar)-10(ound a)]TJ T* [(glass or quar)-70(tz tube. The plasma dis-)]TJ T* [(charge in the for)-25(m of a ring is generated)]TJ T* [(inside the tube. Unfor)-70(tunately)70(, even)]TJ T* [(though the discharge achieves a ver)-85(y)]TJ T* [(high power density)70(, the high excitation)]TJ T* [(temperatur)-10(es exist only along a central fil-)]TJ T* (ament. The bulk of the MIP never gets)Tj T* [(hotter than 2000)-50(\320)-50(3000 K, which means it)]TJ T* [(is pr)-10(one to ver)-85(y sever)-10(e matrix ef)-70(fects. In)]TJ T* [(addition, they ar)-10(e easily extinguished dur-)]TJ 20.3509 26.8889 TD (ing aspiration of liquid samples. For these)Tj 0 -1.2222 TD [(r)-10(easons, they have had limited success as)]TJ T* [(an emission sour)-10(ce, because they ar)-10(e not)]TJ T* [(consider)-10(ed r)-10(obust enough for the analysis)]TJ T* [(of r)-10(eal-world, solution-based samples.)]TJ T* [(However)65(, they have gained acceptance as)]TJ T* [(an ion sour)-10(ce for mass spectr)-10(ometr)-85(y \(3\))]TJ T* (and also as emission-based detectors for)Tj T* [(gas chr)-10(omatography)100(. )]TJ 1.0526 -1.2222 TD 0 Tc (Because of the limitations of the DCP)Tj -1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(and MIP appr)-10(oaches, ICPs became the)]TJ T* [(dominant focus of r)-10(esear)-10(ch for both opti-)]TJ T* [(cal emission and mass spectr)-10(ometric)]TJ T* [(studies. As early as 1964, Gr)-10(eenfield and)]TJ T* [(co)-50(-workers r)-10(epor)-70(ted that an atmospheric-)]TJ T* [(pr)-10(essur)-10(e ICP coupled with OES could be)]TJ T* (used for elemental analysis \(4\). Although)Tj T* [(cr)-55(ude by today\325s standar)-15(ds, the system)]TJ T* [(showed the enor)-25(mous possibilities of the)]TJ T* [(ICP as an excitation sour)-10(ce and most defi-)]TJ T* (nitely opened the door in the early 1980s)Tj T* [(to the even mor)-10(e exciting potential of us-)]TJ T* [(ing the ICP to generate ions \()-75(5\).)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 45 767.33 504 -41.33 re 512.96 44 m W* n 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n 0.58 0.17 0 0.46 k /GS3 gs 221.705 728.953 150.375 15 re f BT /F17 1 Tf 20.8 0 0 16 228.087 730.416 Tm 0 g /GS4 gs 0.125 Tc (TUTORIAL)Tj 0.059 0 0.07 0.084 k /GS3 gs -0.0441 0.0678 TD (TUTORIAL)Tj /F15 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 243.404 750.521 Tm 0 g /GS4 gs 0.52 Tc (SPECTROSCOPY)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F20 1 Tf 27 0 0 27 138.958 665.75 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs -0.015 Tc 0 Tw [(A Beginner\325)55(s Guide to ICP-MS)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F22 1 Tf 16 0 0 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A/B3vO2eҧ>HpJ0`1_[`7qc#IKkVOYG6ˀK %eʤO}Yk,*Uv+W<^Aqh@IL4zYLX Hh$"rl,4KJ Rx0]F()b(Dv8SnkvwٜNDãXLUeҋ0 (: 8X w h4{z~7F % r@+piFҞ¸!K \ `MO϶EF-ϝ]K?k=CrCQt:ħr:J*>'S[0 0Y xu͏{ʾ|E_D6`DAD iуkЁvN7۲:X5&锘P\l2Q).l>P©y/ Fև0 00~߹i 0 ȗ`@`$n?7ȟe˺À /bG3T|ԔZ '4(T_wPL+"y<=E/V)L q!V^}v62~%) (بHݞa@1{L5 GFΕs'o{n #s3 GF9<4w6 ]ॵ`@7 WL'ɱ b1IwEqəDy4u4]'!P8hG4ɪ*=e˖Y,=~mxhٓxkHnv{|M)WWݯu=SZO`@`(04pĶvٳO/A>*  EyA UTc3t:c߹5khɤF4P)~ɤKuf3[ y6M$kb3tj@Z Xbk̡h*M0xb DvծnZ2{0 țPhp>{(PRnn7ňga Qu %Pv>kV7`9xu~/Ϊ㋗Nq ,TWFjZ,"u"/&۞y̠Mٴ-_j̀uuK<:Oٹw  h,Evj̀hFǾƁ݇ܵ"[DZá=B"xY ";x$bʱI* ZIRȬ,d/>I2zV>mt* #H92;dR:^*%zS-Ve.l{ ﳓd}E ̀B6opD€ ?US t#=7#bM7ϳ|>"UH]K&fzj@X ('DDQFńS64s^4TnhR ,a`@0d5$K0sC&w_DL)TxIS8<ɓѾTl6[R8%1(20 0 84DLKRTba e,-Vt&q8EZ (IHAvr1ĘĒNd4`TmA.d2`z9O nw&6`9pb`@@ 3@`ĝt 0@`@OJSM i&-Ne(%r1mPh (뺬HH}z壘/!9N Dȁ0 I1 08M0 銤KF[7IDaoN1ކ7%׃+/01TB e~J C98BS KKϓ[9bjδ8nwp_5z\fo6<>Bпl^,,{P2oP@X*`vw=+X77( pD Zm4e7i>}|u^W>4<.`c[o!tjl:J8%; ڝ/I ˖:#N]x?Dx6VJ=Ut?h $=SaQ|N;CO4ʰ,U¡g8`" endstream endobj 29 0 obj << /Length 11167 >> stream 1 g /GS5 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 45 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (28)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 1.382 6.5 55.134 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (SPECTROSCOPY 16\(6\) )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 4.5 0 0.957 4.5 118.349 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (JUNE 2001)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 446.266 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.13 Tc [(www)37(.spectr)12(oscop)12(y)12(online.com)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 394 473 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(nents that ar)-10(e used to generate the)]TJ 0 -1.2222 TD [(sour)-10(ce: a plasma tor)-10(ch, a radio fr)-10(equency)]TJ T* [(\()-100(RF\) coil, and RF power supply)100(. Figur)-10(e 1)]TJ T* [(shows their pr)-10(oximity to the r)-10(est of the)]TJ T* [(instr)-55(ument; Figur)-10(e 2 is a mor)-10(e detailed)]TJ T* [(view of the plasma tor)-10(ch and RF coil r)-10(ela-)]TJ T* [(tive to the MS inter)-65(face.)]TJ 1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(The plasma tor)-10(ch consists of thr)-10(ee con-)]TJ -1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(centric tubes, which ar)-10(e usually made)]TJ T* [(fr)-10(om quar)-70(tz. In Figur)-10(e 2, these ar)-10(e shown)]TJ T* (as the outer tube, middle tube, and sam-)Tj T* [(ple injector)65(. The tor)-10(ch can either be one)-60(-)]TJ T* [(piece with all thr)-10(ee tubes connected, or it)]TJ T* (can be a demountable design in which)Tj T* [(the tubes and the sample injector ar)-10(e sep-)]TJ T* (arate. The gas \(usually argon\) used to)Tj T* [(for)-25(m the plasma \(plasma gas\) is passed)]TJ T* (between the outer and middle tubes at a)Tj T* (flow rate of )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F28 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 437.03 275 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (;)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 444.15 275 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (12\32017 L/min. A second gas)Tj -5.8655 -1.2222 TD [(flow)70(, the auxiliar)-85(y gas, passes between)]TJ T* (the middle tube and the sample injector)Tj T* (at )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F28 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 402.83 242 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (;)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 409.95 242 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (1 L/min and is used to change the)Tj -1.8655 -1.2222 TD [(position of the base of the plasma r)-10(elative)]TJ T* [(to the tube and the injector)65(. A thir)-15(d gas)]TJ T* [(flow)70(, the nebulizer gas, also flowing at)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F28 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 394 198 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (;)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 401.12 198 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(1)-250(L/min car)-50(ries the sample, in the for)-25(m)]TJ -0.8328 -1.2222 TD [(of a fine)-60(-dr)-10(oplet aer)-10(osol, fr)-10(om the sample)]TJ T* [(intr)-10(oduction system \(for details, see Par)-70(t)]TJ T* (II of this series: )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 453.009 165 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc [(Spectr)-11(oscopy)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F30 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 499.772 165 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (16)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 511.04 165 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc ([5],)Tj -13.6889 -1.2222 TD 0 Tw [(56)-75(\320)-75(60 [2001]\) and physically punches a)]TJ T* [(channel thr)-10(ough the center of the plasma.)]TJ T* [(The sample injector is often made fr)-10(om)]TJ T* [(materials other than quar)-70(tz, such as alu-)]TJ T* [(mina, platinum, and sapphir)-10(e, if highly)]TJ T* [(cor)-50(r)-10(osive materials need to be analyzed.)]TJ T* [(It is wor)-70(th mentioning that although ar-)]TJ T* (gon is the most suitable gas to use for all)Tj T* [(thr)-10(ee flows, ther)-10(e ar)-10(e analytical benefits)]TJ T* [(in using other gas mixtur)-10(es, especially in)]TJ T* [(the nebulizer flow \(6)-75(\). The plasma tor)-10(ch)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 220 473 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.031 Tc 0 Tw [(THE PLASMA T)18(ORCH)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 220 462 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Befor)-10(e we take a look at the fundamental)]TJ 0 -1.2222 TD [(principles behind the cr)-10(eation of an in-)]TJ T* (ductively coupled plasma used in ICP-)Tj T* (MS, let us take a look at the basic compo-)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 45 759 504 -19 re 371.926 429 m f* Q BT /F15 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 244.92 746.992 Tm 0 g /GS3 gs 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (SPECTROSCOPY TUTORIAL)Tj /F32 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 363.693 749.492 Tm (..............................)Tj -26.5675 0 TD (...............................)Tj ET q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS5 gs 45.25 707.84 155.5 -107.26 re f* Q q 132 0 0 92.64 59.3822 608.4553 cm /Im1 Do Q BT /F25 1 Tf 5.95 0 0 7 83.556 677.793 Tm /GS4 gs 0 Tc (Plasma)Tj 10.7564 -5.619 TD [(Neb)20(uliz)15(er gas)]TJ -10.9052 7.6192 TD [(Interf)30(ace)]TJ 5.2855 -0.0477 TD (Outer)Tj 0 -1 TD (tube)Tj -3.0638 -9.1904 TD (RF)Tj 0 -1 TD (coil)Tj 7.6189 2.238 TD (Sample injector)Tj 1.2884 -2.0476 TD [(RF po)15(w)10(e)0(r)]TJ -2.8012 9.3333 TD (Middle)Tj 0 -1 TD (tube)Tj 0.6998 3.1906 TD (Plasma)Tj 1.722 -1 TD (gas)Tj 3.4046 0.9524 TD [(A)30(uxiliar)-30(y)]TJ 0 -1 TD (gas)Tj ET 1 i 100.327 639.512 m 98.768 633.007 l 100.327 634.759 101.886 633.007 y 100.327 639.512 l f 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 4 M []0 d 100.361 634.948 m 100.361 626.46 l S 119.258 664.229 m 120.816 670.735 l 119.258 668.982 117.699 670.735 y 119.258 664.229 l f 119.224 668.793 m 119.224 682.668 l S 80.725 658.802 m 84.446 664.362 l 82.375 663.259 81.522 665.445 y 80.725 658.802 l f 82.277 663.094 m 87.095 676.107 l S 165.271 676.475 m 164.557 683.126 l 163.676 680.952 161.621 682.081 y 165.271 676.475 l f 163.706 680.763 m 159.051 693.833 l 155.89 693.833 l S 173.925 676.229 m 175.484 682.734 l 173.925 680.982 172.367 682.734 y 173.925 676.229 l f 173.89 680.793 m 173.89 685.46 l S 140.591 659.562 m 142.15 666.068 l 140.591 664.315 139.033 666.068 y 140.591 659.562 l f 140.557 664.126 m 140.557 670.793 l S 128.326 616.759 m 134.831 615.2 l 133.079 616.759 134.831 618.317 y 128.326 616.759 l f 132.89 616.793 m 147.223 616.793 l S 68.327 694.092 m 74.832 692.534 l 73.079 694.092 74.832 695.651 y 68.327 694.092 l f 72.891 694.126 m 81.557 694.126 l S 129.657 654.993 m 130.452 648.352 l 131.306 650.535 133.376 649.433 y 129.657 654.993 l f 131.273 650.725 m 138.89 630.793 l S 117.185 630.254 m 122.18 625.807 l 121.373 628.008 123.655 628.553 y 117.185 630.254 l f 121.223 628.127 m 142.89 616.793 l S q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n 0 0 0 1 K 10 M /GS5 gs 45.25 707.84 155.5 -107.26 re S Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 45 590.701 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs [(Figur)12(e 2.)]TJ ET Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F27 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 76.502 590.701 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs [(Detailed view of a plasma tor)20(ch)]TJ -3.5002 -1.2222 TD [(and RF coil relative to the ICP-MS inter)-20(face.)]TJ ET 0.58 0.17 0 0.46 K 4 w 10 M 45 712 m 201 712 l S 0 0 0 0 k /GS5 gs 219.25 708.75 329.5 -213.38 re 199.594 579.701 m f* Q /GS3 gs q 307.68 0 0 187.44 234.4287 516.4211 cm /Im2 Do Q BT 6.8 0 0 8 286.551 689.364 Tm /GS4 gs [(Quar)-40(tz)]TJ 0 -1.1875 TD (torch)Tj -2.9092 -20.5625 TD (Collision-induced)Tj 0 -1.1875 TD (ionization of argon)Tj 22.0588 1.0625 TD [(F)30(o)0(r)-25(mation of inductiv)25(ely)]TJ 0 -1.1875 TD (coupled plasma)Tj 5.5882 11.0625 TD (Sample introduced)Tj 0 -1.1875 TD (through sample injector)Tj -31.6912 4.3125 TD (Load)Tj 0 -1.1875 TD (coil)Tj 6.3235 0.6875 TD [(T)120(angential flo)15(w)]TJ 0 -1.1875 TD (of argon gas)Tj 16.25 3.0625 TD (Electromagnetic)Tj 0 -1.1875 TD (field)Tj 11.8382 -0.1875 TD [(High v)25(oltage)]TJ 0 -1.1875 TD [(spar)-15(k)]TJ ET 300.708 635.582 m 299.149 629.077 l 300.708 630.829 302.267 629.077 y 300.708 635.582 l f 300.742 631.018 m 300.742 622.53 l S 275.62 672.045 m 280.35 676.776 l 278.104 676.095 277.693 678.406 y 275.62 672.045 l f 277.977 675.953 m 285.231 687.781 l S 476.917 561.108 m 481.589 565.895 l 479.352 565.188 478.914 567.493 y 476.917 561.108 l f 479.226 565.044 m 488.27 580.03 l S 258.161 638.184 m 254.008 632.94 l 256.159 633.873 256.834 631.627 y 258.161 638.184 l f 256.27 634.03 m 252.402 625.466 l S 373.538 671.063 m 374.333 664.422 l 375.187 666.605 377.257 665.503 y 373.538 671.063 l f 375.154 666.795 m 391.27 629.03 l S 282.637 560.789 m 281.292 554.236 l 282.792 556.038 284.408 554.337 y 282.637 560.789 l f 282.821 556.227 m 285.456 524.04 l S 468.538 660.563 m 469.333 653.922 l 470.187 656.105 472.257 655.003 y 468.538 660.563 l f 470.154 656.295 m 482.664 626.982 l S 419.876 550.714 m 422.606 544.607 l 422.774 546.946 425.078 546.507 y 419.876 550.714 l f 422.686 547.116 m 443.325 522.831 l S 375.584 644.983 m 378.892 639.169 l 378.832 641.513 381.168 641.3 y 375.584 644.983 l f 378.729 641.675 m 391.515 629.291 l S BT 6.8 0 0 8 241.27 696.53 Tm [(\(a\))-14513(\(b\))-12749(\(c\))]TJ 1.3235 -13.5625 TD [(\(d\))-20101(\(e\))]TJ ET q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n 0 0 0 1 K 10 M /GS5 gs 219.25 708.75 329.5 -213.38 re S Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 45 560.664 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs [(Figur)12(e 3.)]TJ ET Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F27 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 76.035 560.664 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (\(right\) )Tj 9 0 0 9 98.019 560.664 Tm [(Schematic of an ICP tor)20(ch)]TJ -5.8911 -1.2222 TD (and load coil showing how the inductively)Tj T* (coupled plasma is formed. \(a\) A tangential)Tj T* (flow of argon gas is passed between the)Tj T* [(outer and middle tube of the quartz tor)20(ch.)]TJ T* (\(b\) RF power is applied to the load coil,)Tj T* (producing an intense electromagnetic field.)Tj T* (\(c\) A high-voltage spark produces free elec-)Tj T* (trons. \(d\) Free electrons are accelerated by)Tj T* (the RF field, causing collisions and ioniza-)Tj T* (tion of the argon gas. \(e\) The ICP is formed)Tj T* [(at the open end of the quartz tor)20(ch. The)]TJ T* (sample is introduced into the plasma via)Tj T* [(the sample injector)74(.)]TJ ET 0.58 0.17 0 0.46 K 4 w 10 M 219 713 m 549 713 l S 0 0 0 1 K 0.5 w 45.36 408.75 m 384.75 408.75 l 384.75 48.75 m 384.75 408.75 l S Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 1.913 9 340.533 38.325 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.01 Tc [(Cir)12(cle 21)]TJ ET 0 0 0 0 k 45.36 399.65 330 -351 re 374.453 38.325 m f* Q endstream endobj 30 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC ] /Font << /F6 5 0 R /F7 6 0 R /F9 7 0 R /F13 9 0 R /F15 10 0 R /F25 15 0 R /F27 16 0 R /F28 31 0 R /F30 32 0 R /F32 33 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 26 0 R /Im2 27 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 18 0 R /GS3 19 0 R /GS4 20 0 R /GS5 21 0 R >> >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /Im3 /Width 550 /Height 337 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Length 27889 /Filter /DCTDecode >> stream AdobedC         #"""#'''''''''' Q&" s!1AQa"q2B#R3b$r%C4Scs5D'6Tdt& EFVU(eufv7GWgw8HXhx)9IYiy*:JZjz#?f͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳe^ـyff͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf͛6lٰ̞l|ozJ(,(+5(zS99K٭xیwq)|/1-ǫ^K*Cko0i=BĥWΕ]:_2n3Oui=mW{(QfB `ȥoo"L$vWX>HcgK$/(_ӗx5}UL8xi$X]IUܞNr]IPIl拡;lH.5bAGY2YOJnȾ2U?z{Otu:n>ܰ2)A~9֕E$ͽr8'P@6hΡq%ǜ`egi9 iMż>,2[2-*E*v/3yqyKScqx[ Cɽh5kJ|8Ws5yå\ےa{E1SN+yZX5mRPI۩jUVJu%^sj:Kl) V@ 55qmsqV2K%H? }) kЗP]:ApeY < w J< . ]WՔ@V oDd[> -jlK.ȽO&jV[HjI#OHv(?jr["?ϫ#ՒUSsGF(*@1Lٳff͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳgf͛6lٳf1yBj>`RONYj #tS2/+ydvX/?7ӥaWt|,?NOWo_:^>o]}K'+ydvX/? o$hB꺡_fju,/?:^>o]}K'+ydvX/?7ӥaWt|,?NOWo_)<-#`VQJK[>_Jq-7"4gЛ7ћW\fY-7"4foWo7oH{~[oEh+3,Fo^ߖqf37ћW\fY-7"4foWo7oH{~[oEh+3,Fo^ߖqg2vfY挟麅am1{[hX CYf͛6lٳf͛6lf͛6lٳd?2yCHY4sǪd:q+Zo?aeд#7TByS _S7 ML13LcfZo?afi?Fo>/yRo1-6)h\fO׊вMgY&wRiHuϪ 2ZZOӦo`5^64BwS _S7 ML13Lcf8wS T;v#1-70HU3д#7TByS _S7 ML13L-70HU3д#7TByS _S?CobfZo?afi/FoobfZo?afi/FoobfZo?afi/FoobfZo?ag(󧕟ɾd"LgUE9S=s(G  fƓJ ю͛6lٳf͛5seTצlN5}*Ǽ(I~76 2hzpZFU^JsvJsZ~OtyB;ַӣYd wHwP_cmB>c#`QSO—?цj/: `|:Fk/?!|Xw=ҡ0C$B5w>48]~wyVKyt&zu?-^S (G `]=sjըu\N0LqH"va#yk"Ŕk5r}634Zo-YpoF.&TU;5yH`]*f-8NZPjv<1OԺrPI`KE_}*} Jo㵒 Ff~ ]Nv/94/WCƝ"%b<ӿD_7 G?wN|1||i"_#ϟ;DKUyȉԌyȉo>4/WCƝ"%b<ӿD_7 G?wN|1||i"_#ϟ;DKUyȉo>4/WCƝ"%b<ӿD_7 G?wN|h6nm{TXq#,kEfs|rk{yF-4H, IFHd,Uȉу?b<,w"_[ߟ &ɡ}Y$9r:mFtf͛6lUu+L sXY6ªȨH}KRҠ{b$gM>p6|+-UBG#r w[AR?A UrbTM4-i&Uڡy z *_v<1hTvZ^);xb)(g$ Giͬ nGthM0\O*O_^_?«b-+>c Aur`z߽?%g PJXR#h-y\[NzfޣUv WX0XÔOFd"K~#L*Q.tq-ܳHTF]HXrTEῆL4ohpR&%;ZTc꼤P)\EȪV_ ,4Pkfз:|#ynZuiaq Z̲XmH#yaR#3Qٮ>%w0'r"/) G9\+l+N# j$@ǣPqNvuG>n%}2]Ʃۇ]򣵸).%"%' yˬdOSna:]|@qbΡq=(ML ~|^:Zg=ĖZ[Ur,kw2s56]^ZI黼0[-rx㥂U6rK=]U#j'Xy>lYnno$.4z3Q~cxcv}^BImhޟ ywtS.$Xn}2pBY_Eq$4$!i Tb/%v2X3\J$,Ѩ&&j!Z߆ I%m ۧo ?W~nƒr>W 4:ݧL/6lٳf͛6lf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛ XkRF ~LĀq3~{rO4j%$K4aLk0` XaUn%#bdyzM"K@jA4ʯ+yn#{+^a Hd*Y>Rl+ȶK-"[kKVjZ$Q7Qx;|;n[OUH3; p',^xSlf>RLQLtrGM!Vvsm!pia^R4mp>L|aL,)-B!Q?<0T]:/!"I@Itz?[A5YaX~(VȞRK$rs4Mi0_4蕭kmnNQO'Fw;Qk mo=\HX0Q, .y? znpZC5ѤC"dfe nBb7ײ b!am MK)ڴx~Í_|#j6vޓvIyE3q0)ŸQ]43km绸Y8;qkC !G6ib/uYGi9{92z3ry >zw:l[~$f;Fֱr>PqU_^. 3YBոB b0VSH5%d涗 95/#IC/,c EpDsM)­HAtZQX\Hxs81D~/\b[֞)Y\C%Լdh8+2U)Jd_M$4ཉ,O6[.ਢ㯇t#w_v rגG鏪b>'Hlk-[ G#Vgmߓ yO?6*5ŜZY 5YqU9^<~ W*Xlqs!Vܳ2Z1~R}F!?AVHwm9gT#x򥎣|+yEf3/weRXzIS-1k>>!QZ?y5~} W`

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.A{h:ŭ0hV e?@짖.0\Ćtf#$s)y7ź ϶ Ρ뺼|Pٳf͛6lٳf͛Zd7<5*d$$j̵4SO?!ޡUp^cRn"0[jz?2T d[ߘ>[T0MLn(mI!NDudHAyqnW%~Pםo: 5 m' 4v9琭$oIBNިo)#vP%51Mt'5E'WF)o7cyck2` $փ"0C}jW<8-i47J-$A5N2s]f͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͞Pɇ7[Nv?_.t,?N<@#@d6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lMg"T1Sү~]Zg-c7 g* @hJz˟MtgӠ.G5ugn  gEӢƄ; _/ʭFfui Ly;I$(~Ģ9ӄ[\I.}2ZfޟeyBRJoo[k}%4[_[xK̃Y9Mjk<&k:y#Q/Oj+タ6ѫYd.cvUbD\EtҔ:?"|]wWkLP,pэjܶ4b?Vg,B}O P Oќוo3YtDYeڡiKf^.wWU8ī(8Jtz֖q.j*שgjc]n;6HkfRbzco6y^YA^&2.T^kٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳ0K!GZe΅{{<ǝy` f͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf8[ͩhZnTMwk5E)Ty_~hp9r֗ОJTVV( v'Xj1z7x]dPhPZ?9Z%Q tQ#UZmS)aDG $I2f(=N+K)|0?"D Um6^+TK'`ĭ gMn.7 6V`ҙ?<[WBb!ҥ5HoVW*f |p C_A$Z}ŃIz6P[I:hL|8u/īJBNQQ/#hϨMIvbe܌։vv([90wP2r\Sa?C::[#G4|>_ד6y DIZH"[&Yf͛6lٳf͛6lٳg??aM0C%D˝ <9'y1;?A#f͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳfʠnKMR-JzE3/@)ˬ'4=^^ex/"HnҽGl_ߐƥ xUkdwu_XqL]>3yuu/,^,|B3 4qW"ߒXh-I ֤OC_?ב;Oxou+v-ۊnCƹ<-Hc)ߣsyqjORNFt!A nH+Ġٺmߚ/"ݼ8yp> stream 1 g /GS5 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 4.5 0 0.957 4.5 442.271 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (JUNE 2001 )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 1.382 6.5 469.027 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(16\(6\))-520(SPECTROSCOPY )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 532.243 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (29)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k /GS5 gs 36.25 707.75 201.24 -123.17 re 538.997 28.143 m f* Q /GS3 gs q 132 0 0 80.88 66.2985 613.3314 cm /Im3 Do Q BT /F25 1 Tf 6.8 0 0 8 175.049 620.604 Tm 0 g /GS4 gs 0 Tc (Initial)Tj 0 -1.1875 TD [(r)10(adiation)]TJ T* [(z)15(one)]TJ -14.2647 1.375 TD [(Nor)-25(mal)]TJ 0 -1.1875 TD (analytical)Tj T* [(z)15(one)]TJ 6.1029 1.375 TD 0 Tw (10,000 K)Tj 5.8456 11.0938 TD (Preheating)Tj 0 -1.1875 TD [(z)15(one)]TJ -12.0221 1.1563 TD (6500 K)Tj -1.25 -1.625 TD (6000 K)Tj 5.6618 1.6875 TD [(7500 K)-360(8000 K)]TJ ET 1 i 129.987 645.322 m 128.429 638.817 l 129.987 640.569 131.546 638.817 y 129.987 645.322 l f 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 4 M []0 d 130.023 640.758 m 130.023 612.27 l S 89.987 653.822 m 88.429 647.317 l 89.987 649.069 91.546 647.317 y 89.987 653.822 l f 90.023 649.258 m 90.023 620.27 l S 94.487 657.269 m 96.046 663.774 l 94.487 662.022 92.929 663.774 y 94.487 657.269 l f 94.452 661.833 m 94.452 688.771 l S 82.487 657.769 m 84.046 664.274 l 82.487 662.522 80.929 664.274 y 82.487 657.769 l f 82.452 662.333 m 82.452 677.77 l S 109.987 658.769 m 111.546 665.274 l 109.987 663.522 108.429 665.274 y 109.987 658.769 l f 109.952 663.333 m 109.952 688.77 l S 133.487 655.269 m 135.046 661.774 l 133.487 660.022 131.929 661.774 y 133.487 655.269 l f 133.452 659.833 m 133.452 688.321 l S 117.662 655.395 m 122.338 650.612 l 121.686 652.864 123.999 653.25 y 117.662 655.395 l f 121.544 652.993 m 172.543 624.831 l S 136.903 653.561 m 142.485 657.247 l 140.151 657.032 140.208 659.376 y 136.903 653.561 l f 139.996 656.918 m 159.295 680.065 l S q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n 0 0 0 1 K 10 M /GS5 gs 36.25 707.75 201.24 -123.17 re S BT /F6 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 36 574.374 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs [(Figur)12(e 4.)]TJ ET Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F27 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 67.502 574.374 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (Different temperature zones in the plasma.)Tj ET 0.58 0.17 0 0.46 K 4 w 10 M 36 712 m 237.74 712 l S 0 0 0 0 k /GS5 gs 250 707.75 289.74 -123.17 re 217.915 574.374 m f* Q BT 6.8 0 0 8 265.2 664.714 Tm [(Droplet \(Desolv)25(ation\) Solid \(V)70(apor)-15(ization\) Gas \(Atomization\) Atom \(Ionization\) Ion)]TJ 0.1103 -5.0625 TD [(F)45(rom sample injector)-19191(T)120(o)0( mass spectrometer)]TJ -0.0185 2.5833 TD (M\(H)Tj 4.25 0 0 5 278.664 642.88 Tm (2)Tj 6.8 0 0 8 281.027 644.88 Tm (O\))Tj /F28 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 5 288.582 647.88 Tm (1)Tj /F25 1 Tf 5.95 0 0 7 292.122 644.88 Tm ( )Tj 6.8 0 0 8 293.776 644.88 Tm (X)Tj /F28 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 5 298.312 647.88 Tm (2)Tj /F25 1 Tf 6.8 0 0 8 345.575 644.88 Tm (\(MX\))Tj 4.25 0 0.903 5 360.305 642.88 Tm (n)Tj 6.8 0 0 8 408.7 644.88 Tm [(MX)-6735(M)]TJ ET 342.388 647.63 m 335.884 649.189 l 337.635 647.63 335.884 646.071 y 342.388 647.63 l f 337.825 647.595 m 307.2 647.595 l S 403.764 647.63 m 397.26 649.189 l 399.011 647.63 397.26 646.071 y 403.764 647.63 l f 399.201 647.595 m 366.7 647.595 l S 457.265 626.63 m 450.76 628.189 l 452.513 626.63 450.76 625.071 y 457.265 626.63 l f 452.702 626.595 m 333.2 626.595 l S 459.574 647.63 m 453.069 649.189 l 454.821 647.63 453.069 646.071 y 459.574 647.63 l f 455.01 647.595 m 424.7 647.595 l S BT 6.8 0 0 8 516.575 644.88 Tm (M)Tj /F28 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 5 522.24 647.88 Tm (1)Tj ET 512.138 647.63 m 505.634 649.189 l 507.385 647.63 505.634 646.071 y 512.138 647.63 l f 507.575 647.595 m 480.636 647.595 l S q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n 0 0 0 1 K 10 M /GS5 gs 250 707.75 289.74 -123.17 re S Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 249.752 574.586 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs [(Figur)12(e 5.)]TJ ET Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F27 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 281.254 574.586 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs [(Mechanism of conversion of a droplet to a positive ion in the ICP)129(.)]TJ ET 0.58 0.17 0 0.46 K 4 w 10 M 249.75 712 m 539.99 712 l S Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 37 539 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (is mounted horizontally and positioned)Tj 0 -1.2222 TD [(centrally in the RF coil, appr)-10(oximately)]TJ T* [(10)-50(\32020 mm fr)-10(om the inter)-65(face. It must be)]TJ T* (emphasized that the coil used in an ICP-)Tj T* [(MS plasma is slightly dif)-70(fer)-10(ent fr)-10(om the)]TJ T* (one used in ICP-OES. In all plasmas,)Tj T* [(ther)-10(e is a potential dif)-70(fer)-10(ence of a few)]TJ T* [(hundr)-10(ed volts pr)-10(oduced by capacitive)]TJ T* (coupling between the RF coil and the)Tj T* [(plasma. In an ICP mass spectr)-10(ometer)65(,)]TJ T* [(this would r)-10(esult in a secondar)-85(y dis-)]TJ T* (charge between the plasma and the inter-)Tj T* [(face cone, which could negatively af)-70(fect)]TJ T* [(the per)-65(for)-25(mance of the instr)-55(ument. T)25(o)]TJ T* (compensate for this, the coil must be)Tj T* [(gr)-10(ounded to keep the inter)-65(face r)-10(egion as)]TJ T* [(close to zer)-10(o potential as possible. I will)]TJ T* (discuss the full implications of this in)Tj T* [(gr)-10(eater detail in Par)-70(t IV of this series. )]TJ ET Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 37 319 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.031 Tc [(FORMA)55(TION OF AN ICP DISCHARGE)]TJ ET Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 37 308 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (Let us now discuss the mechanism of for-)Tj 0 -1.2222 TD (mation of the plasma discharge. First, a)Tj T* (tangential \(spiral\) flow of argon gas is di-)Tj T* [(r)-10(ected between the outer and middle tube)]TJ T* [(of a quar)-70(tz tor)-10(ch. A load coil, usually cop-)]TJ T* [(per)65(, sur)-50(r)-10(ounds the top end of the tor)-10(ch)]TJ T* [(and is connected to a radio fr)-10(equency)]TJ T* [(generator)65(. When RF power \(typically)]TJ T* [(750)-50(\3201500 W)95(,)0( depending on the sample\) is)]TJ T* [(applied to the load coil, an alter)-45(nating)]TJ T* [(cur)-50(r)-10(ent oscillates within the coil at a rate)]TJ T* [(cor)-50(r)-10(esponding to the fr)-10(equency of the)]TJ T* [(generator)65(. In most ICP generators this)]TJ T* [(fr)-10(equency is either 27 or 40 MHz. This)]TJ T* [(RF oscillation of the cur)-50(r)-10(ent in the coil)]TJ T* [(causes an intense electr)-10(omagnetic field to)]TJ T* [(be cr)-10(eated in the ar)-10(ea at the top of the)]TJ T* [(tor)-10(ch. W)-30(ith argon gas flowing thr)-10(ough)]TJ T* [(the tor)-10(ch, a high-voltage spark is applied)]TJ T* [(to the gas, which causes some electr)-10(ons)]TJ T* [(to be stripped fr)-10(om their argon atoms.)]TJ T* [(These electr)-10(ons, which ar)-10(e caught up and)]TJ T* (accelerated in the magnetic field, then)Tj T* (collide with other argon atoms, stripping)Tj T* [(of)-70(f still mor)-10(e electr)-10(ons. This collision-)]TJ 20.3509 55 TD (induced ionization of the argon continues)Tj 0 -1.2222 TD [(in a chain r)-10(eaction, br)-10(eaking down the)]TJ T* (gas into argon atoms, argon ions, and)Tj T* [(electr)-10(ons, for)-25(ming what is known as an)]TJ T* (inductively coupled plasma discharge.)Tj T* (The ICP discharge is then sustained)Tj T* [(within the tor)-10(ch and load coil as RF en-)]TJ T* [(ergy is continually transfer)-50(r)-10(ed to it)]TJ T* [(thr)-10(ough the inductive coupling pr)-10(ocess.)]TJ T* [(The sample aer)-10(osol is then intr)-10(oduced)]TJ T* [(into the plasma thr)-10(ough a thir)-15(d tube)]TJ T* [(called the sample injector)65(. This whole)]TJ T* [(pr)-10(ocess is conceptionally shown in)]TJ T* [(Figur)-10(e)-250(3)0(.)]TJ ET Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 211 374 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.031 Tc [(THE FUNCTION OF THE RF GENERA)55(T)18(O)0(R)]TJ ET Q q 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 211 363 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (Although the principles of an RF power)Tj 0 -1.2222 TD (supply have not changed since the work)Tj T* [(of Gr)-10(eenfield \(4\), the components have)]TJ T* [(become significantly smaller)65(. Some of the)]TJ T* [(early generators that used nitr)-10(ogen or air)]TJ T* [(r)-10(equir)-10(ed 5)-50(\32010 kW of power to sustain the)]TJ T* (plasma discharge \321 and literally took up)Tj T* [(half the r)-10(oom. Most of today\325s generators)]TJ T* [(use solid-state electr)-10(onic components,)]TJ T* (which means that vacuum power ampli-)Tj T* [(fier tubes ar)-10(e no longer r)-10(equir)-10(ed. This)]TJ T* [(makes moder)-45(n instr)-55(uments significantly)]TJ T* [(smaller and, because vacuum tubes wer)-10(e)]TJ T* [(notoriously unr)-10(eliable and unstable, far)]TJ T* [(mor)-10(e suitable for r)-10(outine operation. )]TJ 1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(As mentioned pr)-10(eviously)70(, two fr)-10(equen-)]TJ -1.0526 -1.2222 TD (cies have typically been used for ICP RF)Tj T* [(generators: 27 and 40 MHz. These fr)-10(e-)]TJ T* (quencies have been set aside specifically)Tj T* (for RF applications of this kind, so they)Tj T* [(will not inter)-65(fer)-10(e with other communica-)]TJ T* [(tion-based fr)-10(equencies. The early RF gen-)]TJ T* [(erators used 27 MHz, while the mor)-10(e r)-10(e)0(-)]TJ T* [(cent designs favor 40 MHz. Ther)-10(e)]TJ T* (appears to be no significant analytical ad-)Tj T* [(vantage of one type over the other)65(. How-)]TJ T* [(ever)65(, it is wor)-70(th mentioning that the 40)-50(-)]TJ T* [(MHz design typically r)-55(uns at lower power)]TJ T* [(levels, which pr)-10(oduces lower signal inten-)]TJ T* [(sity and r)-10(educed backgr)-10(ound levels. Be-)]TJ 20.3509 55 TD [(cause it uses slightly lower power)65(, this)]TJ 0 -1.2222 TD [(might be consider)-10(ed advantageous )]TJ T* [(when it comes to long-ter)-25(m use of the)]TJ T* [(generator)65(. )]TJ 1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(The mor)-10(e impor)-70(tant consideration is)]TJ -1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(the coupling ef)-70(ficiency of the RF genera-)]TJ T* [(tor to the coil. The majority of moder)-45(n)]TJ T* [(solid-state RF generators ar)-10(e on the or)-15(der)]TJ T* [(of 70)-50(\32075% ef)-70(ficient, meaning that 70)-50(\32075%)]TJ T* [(of the deliver)-10(ed power actually makes it)]TJ T* (into the plasma. This wasn\325t always the)Tj T* (case, and some of the older vacuum)Tj T* [(tube)-75(\320designed generators wer)-10(e notori-)]TJ T* [(ously inef)-70(ficient; some of them experi-)]TJ T* [(enced mor)-10(e than a 50% power loss. An-)]TJ T* [(other impor)-70(tant criterion to consider is)]TJ T* (the way the matching network compen-)Tj T* (sates for changes in impedance \(a mater-)Tj T* [(ial\325s r)-10(esistance to the flow of an electric)]TJ T* [(cur)-50(r)-10(ent\) pr)-10(oduced by the sample\325s matrix)]TJ T* [(components or dif)-70(fer)-10(ences in solvent)]TJ T* [(volatility)100(. In older cr)-85(ystal-)-75(contr)-10(olled gen-)]TJ T* [(erators, this was usually done with ser)-85(vo)-50(-)]TJ T* [(driven capacitors. They worked ver)-85(y well)]TJ T* (with most sample types, but because they)Tj T* [(wer)-10(e mechanical devices, they str)-55(uggled)]TJ T* [(to compensate for ver)-85(y rapid impedance)]TJ T* [(changes pr)-10(oduced by some samples. As a)]TJ T* [(r)-10(esult, the plasma was easily extin-)]TJ T* [(guished, par)-70(ticularly during aspiration of)]TJ T* (volatile organic solvents. )Tj 1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(These pr)-10(oblems wer)-10(e par)-70(tially over-)]TJ -1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(come by the use of fr)-10(ee)-60(-r)-55(unning RF gen-)]TJ T* (erators, in which the matching network)Tj T* [(was based on electr)-10(onic tuning of small)]TJ T* [(changes in fr)-10(equency br)-10(ought about by)]TJ T* (the sample solvent or matrix components.)Tj T* [(The major benefit of this appr)-10(oach was)]TJ T* (that compensation for impedance)Tj T* [(changes was vir)-70(tually instantaneous be-)]TJ T* [(cause ther)-10(e wer)-10(e no moving par)-70(ts. This)]TJ T* (allowed for the successful analysis of)Tj T* [(many sample types that would pr)-10(obably)]TJ T* (have extinguished the plasma of a)Tj T* [(cr)-85(ystal-)-75(contr)-10(olled generator)65(. )]TJ ET 0 0 0 0 k 36 759 504 -19 re 492.061 55 m f* Q BT /F15 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 235.92 746.992 Tm /GS3 gs 0.25 Tc (SPECTROSCOPY TUTORIAL)Tj /F32 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 354.693 749.492 Tm (..............................)Tj -26.5675 0 TD (...............................)Tj ET endstream endobj 37 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F6 5 0 R /F7 6 0 R /F13 9 0 R /F15 10 0 R /F25 15 0 R /F27 16 0 R /F28 31 0 R /F32 33 0 R >> /XObject << /Im3 34 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 18 0 R /GS3 19 0 R /GS4 20 0 R /GS5 21 0 R >> >> endobj 39 0 obj << /Length 9950 >> stream 1 g /GS5 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 45 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (30)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 1.382 6.5 55.134 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (SPECTROSCOPY 16\(6\) )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 4.5 0 0.957 4.5 118.349 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (JUNE 2001)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 446.266 28.143 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.13 Tc [(www)37(.spectr)12(oscop)12(y)12(online.com)]TJ 9 0 0 9 46 704 Tm 0.031 Tc 0 Tw [(IONIZA)55(TION OF THE SAMPLE)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 46 693 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(T)25(o)0( better understand what happens to the)]TJ 0 -1.2222 TD [(sample on its jour)-45(ney thr)-10(ough the plasma)]TJ T* [(sour)-10(ce, it is impor)-70(tant to understand the)]TJ T* [(dif)-70(fer)-10(ent heating zones within the dis-)]TJ T* [(charge. Figur)-10(e 4 shows a cr)-10(oss-sectional)]TJ T* [(r)-10(epr)-10(esentation of the discharge along)]TJ T* [(with the appr)-10(oximate temperatur)-10(es for)]TJ T* [(dif)-70(fer)-10(ent r)-10(egions of the plasma. )]TJ 40.7018 9.7778 TD [(zone befor)-10(e it eventually becomes a posi-)]TJ 0 -1.2222 TD (tively charged ion in the analytical zone.)Tj T* [(T)25(o)0( explain this in a ver)-85(y simplistic way)70(,)]TJ T* (let\325s assume that the element exists as a)Tj T* (trace metal salt in solution. The first step)Tj T* (that takes place is desolvation of the)Tj T* [(dr)-10(oplet. W)-30(ith the water molecules)]TJ T* [(stripped away)70(, it then becomes a ver)-85(y)]TJ T* [(small solid par)-70(ticle. As the sample moves)]TJ T* [(fur)-70(ther into the plasma, the solid par)-70(ticle)]TJ T* [(changes first into a gaseous for)-25(m and)]TJ T* [(then into a gr)-10(ound-state atom. The final)]TJ T* [(pr)-10(ocess of conversion of an atom to an)]TJ T* (ion is achieved mainly by collisions of en-)Tj T* [(ergetic argon electr)-10(ons \(and to a lesser)]TJ T* [(extent by argon ions\) with the gr)-10(ound-)]TJ T* [(state atom \()-25(7)-100(\). The ion then emerges)]TJ T* [(fr)-10(om the plasma and is dir)-10(ected into the)]TJ T* [(inter)-65(face of the mass spectr)-10(ometer \(for)]TJ T* (details on the mechanisms of ion genera-)Tj T* [(tion, please r)-10(efer to Par)-70(t I of this series:)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 394 473 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc [(Spectr)-11(oscopy)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F30 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 440.764 473 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (16)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9 452.032 473 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [([4], 38)-100(\320)-100(4)0(2)-329([2001]\). This)]TJ -6.7873 -1.2222 TD [(pr)-10(ocess of conversion of dr)-10(oplets into)]TJ T* [(ions is r)-10(epr)-10(esented in Figur)-10(e 5.)]TJ 1.0526 -1.2222 TD (The next installment of this series will)Tj -1.0526 -1.2222 TD [(focus on pr)-10(obably the most cr)-55(ucial ar)-10(ea)]TJ T* [(of an ICP mass spectr)-10(ometer \321 the inter-)]TJ T* [(face r)-10(egion \321 wher)-10(e the ions generated)]TJ T* (in the atmospheric plasma have to be)Tj T* (sampled with consistency and electrical)Tj T* [(integrity by the mass spectr)-10(ometer)65(,)]TJ T* [(which is under extr)-10(emely high vacuum. )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 394 341 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.031 Tc (REFERENCES)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 394 331 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(\(1)-50(\))-897(A)-75(.L)-50(. Gray)70(, )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 446.317 331 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (Analyst)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F30 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 471.709 331 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (100,)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 491.132 331 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(289)-50(\320299 \(1975\).)]TJ -12.7805 -1.25 TD [(\(2\))-947(G.N. Coleman, D)75(.E. Miller)65(, and R)-50(.)0(W)100(.)]TJ 2.2368 -1.25 TD (Stark, )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 432.154 311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (Am. Lab.)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F30 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 463.486 311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (30)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 473.501 311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (\(4\), 33R \(1998\).)Tj -10.4607 -1.25 TD [(\(3\))-947(D)75(.)-100(J)50(.)0( Douglas and J)50(.B. Fr)-10(ench, )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 509.347 301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (Anal.)Tj -12.9404 -1.25 TD (Chem.)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F30 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 433.321 291 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (53,)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 447.736 291 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(37-)-100(41 \(1981)-50(\).)]TJ -7.0706 -1.25 TD [(\(4\))-947(S. Gr)-10(eenfield, I.L)-50(. Jones, and C.T)100(. Ber)-50(r)-85(y)70(,)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 411 271 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (Analyst)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F30 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 436.392 271 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc (89,)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F13 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 450.807 271 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(713)-75(\320720 \(1964\).)]TJ -7.4746 -1.25 TD [(\()-75(5)0(\))-872(R)-50(.S. Houk, V)75(.)-150(A)-75(.)0( Fassel, and H.)-100(J)50(.)0( Svec,)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 585 -792 re 0 792 m W n -0.06 792.06 585 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 7.6 0 0 8 411 251 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Dyn. 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